If you want to donate plasma to help others in need, you will go through a screening process. This is to make sure your blood is healthy and safe. If you qualify as a plasma donor, you'll spend about an hour and a half at a clinic on every follow-up visit.
During the actual blood donation process, your blood is drawn through a needle placed in a vein in one arm. A special machine separates the plasma and often the platelets from your blood sample.
This process is called plasmapheresis. The remaining red blood cells and other blood components are then returned to your body, along with a little saline salt solution. People with the blood type AB are in the greatest demand for plasma donation. They make up just 2 in 50 people, their plasma is universal.
This means their plasma can be used by anyone. At noncommercial donation sites, people can donate plasma every 28 days, up to 13 times a year. And your Rh factor could be important if you become pregnant - an incompatibility between your type and the baby's could create problems. Blood tests such as blood count tests help doctors check for certain diseases and conditions. They also help check the function of your organs and show how well treatments are working.
Problems with your blood may include bleeding disorders , excessive clotting and platelet disorders. If you lose too much blood, you may need a transfusion. The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. Learn More Related Issues Specifics.
See, Play and Learn Videos and Tutorials. Research Clinical Trials Journal Articles. Resources Reference Desk Find an Expert. For You Children Teenagers. Start Here. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into compartments. The contents of a eukaryotic cell within the cell membrane, excluding the cell nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles e.
The cytosol : The cytosol 11 is the fluid within the plasma membrane of a cell and contains the organelles. The cytosol includes dissolved molecules and water. The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, it mainly functions as a fluid medium for intracellular signaling signal transduction within the cell, and plays a role in determining cell size and shape. The concentrations of ions, such as sodium and potassium, are generally lower in the cytosol compared to the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation and signal transduction.
The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules that can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding. The extracellular fluid can be divided into two major subcompartments: interstitial fluid and blood plasma. The extracellular fluid also includes the transcellular fluid; this makes up only about 2. In humans, the normal glucose concentration of extracellular fluid that is regulated by homeostasis is approximately 5 mm.
The pH of extracellular fluid is tightly regulated by buffers and maintained around 7. Extracellular matrix : Spatial relationship between the blood vessels, basement membranes, and interstitial space between structures. It is the intravascular fluid part of the extracellular fluid. It plays a vital role in intravascular osmotic effects that keep electrolyte levels balanced and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders.
Interstitial fluid or tissue fluid is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. The interstitial fluid is found in the interstitial spaces, also known as the tissue spaces. On average, a person has about 11 liters 2. The majority of the interstitial space functions as an ECM, a fluid space consisting of cell-excreted molecules that lies between the basement membranes of the interstitial spaces.
The interstitial ECM contains a great deal of connective tissue and proteins such as collagen that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing. Transcellular fluid is the portion of total body water contained within the epithelial-lined spaces. It is the smallest component of extracellular fluid, which also includes interstitial fluid and plasma.
It is often not calculated as a fraction of the extracellular fluid, but it is about 2. Examples of this fluid are cerebrospinal fluid, ocular fluid, joint fluid, and the pleaural cavity that contains fluid that is only found in their respective epithelium-lined spaces.
The function of transcellular fluid is mainly lubrication of these cavities, and sometimes electrolyte transport. The composition of tissue fluid depends upon the exchanges between the cells in the biological tissue and the blood. This means that fluid composition varies between body compartments. The cytosol or intracellular fluid consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large, water-soluble molecules such as proteins.
This mixture of small molecules is extraordinarily complex, as the variety of enzymes that are involved in cellular metabolism is immense. These enzymes are involved in the biochemical processes that sustain cells and activate or deactivate toxins. The pH of the intracellular fluid is 7. The cell membrane separates cytosol from extracellular fluid, but can pass through the membrane via specialized channels and pumps during passive and active transport.
The concentrations of the other ions in cytosol or intracellular fluid are quite different from those in extracellular fluid. The cytosol also contains much higher amounts of charged macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, than the outside of the cell. In contrast to extracellular fluid, cytosol has a high concentration of potassium ions and a low concentration of sodium ions.
These pumps transport ions against their concentration gradients to maintain the cytosol fluid composition of the ions. The extracellular fluid is mainly cations and anions. These ions are important for water transport throughout the body. These dissolved substances are involved in many varied physiological processes, such as gas exchange, immune system function, and drug distribution throughout the body. Due to the varying locations of transcellular fluid, the composition changes dramatically.
Some of the electrolytes present in the transcellular fluid are sodium ions, chloride ions, and bicarbonate ions. Cerebrospinal fluid is similar in composition to blood plasma, but lacks most proteins, such as albumins, because they are too large to pass through the blood—brain barrier. Ocular fluid in the eyes contrasts with cerebrospinal fluid by containing high concentrations of proteins, including antibodies. Extracellular fluid is separated among the various compartments of the body by membranes.
These membranes are hydrophobic and repel water; however, there a few ways that fluids can move between body compartments.
There are small gaps in membranes, such as the tight junctions, that allow fluids and some of their contents to pass through membranes by way of pressure gradients.
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