The notion that all the Celts of Northern England were exterminated by and replaced by Germans is just nonesense. Arthur de Gobineau. Germanism became popular in England during late Victorian times. Germanism is just rubbish and the River Mersey was not the border between Mercia and Northumbria.
In fact it was the River Humber that was the border between Mercia and Northumbria. In medieval times Manchester was in Salfordshire, Machester was later seperated from Salfordshire. It was said that Manchester and Salford were seperated by the stroke of a pen and never were they conjoined again.
It is obvious from this that these rivers including the Mersey did not always serve as boundaries. English people in the Midlands and Southern England with the exception of the South-West peninsula might well be members of the German master race, which is to say Anglo-Saxon master race, but Northern English people are not members of any German master race.
All of this rubbish about Anglo-Saxons, master races, Germanism and so on should be rejected. Hi David, Thanks so much for your detailed comments on this Mersey article.
My comments in other articles about Anglo-Saxons inhabiting the area, and of the Mersey being a boundary are not to be taken as completely clear-cut historical situations.
Many boundaries in prehistoric up to Medieval times would have been a lot less well-defined than those we have today, although of course many would have been very clear-cut: hedges, ditches and rivers could all serve to separate one group of people from another.
The whole of archaeology ad history is much more complex and intertwined than our traditional ideas of descendency and racial theories of genetics would allow. Northumbria or Northumberland means north of the river Humber. Angles were settled on the northern bank of the humber estuary by Vortigern. The Angles were settled there in order to protect the Humber region. Northumberland eventually reached as far as Lothian. The majority of the population were Celtic, the Angles were in a minority.
Both Celts and Angles lived together peacefully, there is no evidence of genicide amywhere in Northern England. Northumbria was confined to East Yorkshirem which is east of the Pennines, not the west, unless of course if Yorkshire has not had some kind of geological migration to the west of the Pennines.
From what is known the Mersey would have been the boundary between Rheged and Mercia, but never Yorkshire and Mercia. Germanism is based upon the assumption that the Aryan race is superior to all other races, and that Germanic Aryans are superior to all other Aryans. In order to pander to this nonesense the lie that all the Celts in England were exterminated was created.
Because of past Conservative Party policies there is a large number of non-whites in the UK, especially England, and I do not think that they would be happy to be classed as untermenscen or sub-humans on account of the colour of their skin. It is best to forget all about that Victorian Germanism and just say that the Mersey was the boundary between the Mercia and Rheged.
I do not want to appear to be facetious but if you take a look in your old school atlas, if you still have it, you will notice that the river Humber happens to be east of the pennines and not west of them. Northumberland actually mean land north of the Humber and not land North of the Mersey. If the Germanist contention that the Mersey was the boundary between Mercia and Northumbria were true then Northumbria would surely have been called Northmersesia or Northmerseyland.
Anyway we have to get on somehow with all of the non-white people and their descendents that the Conservatives induced to settle in England, and upsetting then with German supermen and women twaddle is not exactly the way to maintain good race relations.
I have myself married an Asian lady. Oh sorry! Thank you, thankyou BBC. The fact that no-one returned to recover them might speak of the devastation wrought by the Vikings. The Hingham Hoard, on display for the first time, was unearthed in and its coins and jewellery date back to the reign of ninth century King Edmund.
Another coin in the exhibition, found near Norwich and also on show for the first time, proved the existence of a previously unknown Anglo Saxon King. King Edmund of East Anglia was made a saint after being killed by a Viking army, while fighting for his faith, his land and his people.
After the failure of his attempts to make peace with the Vikings, and their leader Ivar the Boneless, he met them in battle at Hoxne in Suffolk, in Stories of miracles surround his death and within a few years the Vikings themselves were honouring the king they had killed.
Edmund was patron saint of England for several centuries and even now there are moves to oust St George and reinstate St Edmund. Trade across the North Sea to Viking heartlands is likely to have played a big part in that — although the Vikings also rampaged and pillaged across the region so their legacy was by no means all positive.
During the reign of Ethelred the Unready a new wave of Viking raiders struck along the vulnerable east coast. In Ethelred commanded that Danes throughout his kingdom should be killed. Victims included Sweyn Forkbeard's sister and her husband, leading the Viking king to avenge the deaths. His fleet sailed into Norwich in and plundered and burned the settlement. Three weeks later Sweyn's murderous army was in Thetford.
In another 10 years Sweyn ruled much of England, with his son, Canute, became king in King Canute famously failed to hold back the tides, but he did find enough dry land to launch the only monastery in England to survive Henry VIII's destruction. The site was probably already a holy place once occupied by Christian hermits who had been expelled by previous Viking raiders. Contrary to legend Canute was not foolishly insisting he could control the waves, but demonstrating how even he, King of Denmark, Norway, parts of Sweden and England, was subject to the laws of nature.
Vikings invaded France too — and settled in the area which became known as Normandy. In the late s to early s, the Crown signed treaties with First Nations peoples that enabled the Canadian Government to further pursue agriculture, settlement, and resource development. Treaty 6 , Treaty 7 , and Treaty 8 cover lands in Alberta. Given that these and other treaties include clauses on the shared use of land and the relationship between First Nations and the Crown, it is very important for municipalities to be familiar with the treaties when engaging and working with Indigenous peoples.
Planning practices need to take this into account, giving consideration to the historical and current issues Indigenous peoples face, and undertaking in meaningful engagement when decisions have the potential to impact them. Click here for more information about the history of Indigenous peoples in Alberta. Click here for a list of First Nations in Alberta including their treaty affiliation and location.
Click here for information and resources on Indigenous Peoples planning and community development. Settlements and the municipalities that grew out of them initially took very different forms in different parts of Canada. The British planned out their settlements very differently, most often following neatly laid out gridiron patterns. Later settlements in Upper Canada mostly followed similar gridiron streets in a functional manner. Communities in western Canada were different again from French and British colonial settlements.
Rather than being established to exert European colonial dominance, western settlements followed a newly expanding railroad, taking advantage of natural resources and agricultural potential. These railway towns almost always followed gridiron patterns like the British settlements in the East, but were centered on the railway rather than other key developments. Many settlements were constructed by rail corporations or resource extraction businesses such as mines.
The expansion of the railway into the West is a key example of the importance of technology in defining the urban landscape.
The building of the railway resulted in a proliferation of new communities and resulted in a population boom in western Canada.
Without the railway, only minor trading forts situated along major rivers were capable of delivering people and goods so far from the populated east. The Canadian Pacific Railway built a rail line through the Crowsnest Pass between and to access coal and mineral deposits, and assert Canadian sovereignty. Throughout the 19th century, this changed dramatically. Rapidly increasing demand for resources in other markets drove massive economic and population growth.
This explosive growth continued in the 20th and 21st centuries, increasing to 14 million in and almost 35 million in In the Prairies, this growth involved a massive influx of people into new urban centres that previously did not exist. Gunton, T. Doctoral Dissertation. This rapid growth had a profound impact on our communities.
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